Our Life 我们的生活,好好学习,努力工作,享受每一天的快乐.幸福,就是这样! Study hard, work diligently and enjoy every day. That's Our Life. That's the meaning of happiness.

Electronic Computers

During World War II, a team of scientists and mathematicians, working at Bletchley Park, north of London, created one of the first all-electronic digital computers: Colossus. By December 1943, Colossus, which incorporated 1,500 vacuum tubes, was operational. It was used by the team headed by Alan Turing, in the largely successful attempt to crack German radio messages enciphered in the Enigma code.

Early Computers

Analogue computers began to be built in the late 19th century. Early models calculated by means of rotating shafts and gears. Numerical approximations of equations too difficult to solve in any other way were evaluated with such machines. Lord Kelvin built a mechanical tide predictor that was a specialized analoue computeing systems were used as torpedo course predictors in submarines and as bombsight controllers in aircraft. Another system was designed to predict spring floods in the Mississippi River basin.

The Analytical Engine

Also in the 19th century, the British mathematician and inventor Charles Babbage worked out the principles of the modern digital computer. He conceived a number of machines, such as the Difference Engine, that were designed to handle complicated mathematical problems. Many historians consider Babbage and his associate, the mathematician Augusta Ada Byron, the true pioneers of the modern digital computer, One of Babbage’s designs, the Analytical Engine, had many features of a modern computer, It had an input stream in the form of a deck of punched cards, a “store” for saving data, a “mill” for arithmetic operations, and a printer that made a permanent record. Babbage failed to put this idea into practice, though it may well have been technically possible at that date.

History II

The French inventor Joseph-Marie Jacquard, in designing an automatic loom, used thin, perforated wooden boards to control the weaving of complicated designs. During the 1880s the American statistician Herman Hollerith conceived the idea of using perforated cards, similar to Jacquard’s boards, for processing data. Employing a system that passed punched cards over electrical contacts, he was able to compile statistical information for the 1890 United States census.

History I

The first adding machine, a precursor of the digital computer,was devised in 1642 by the French scientist, mathematician, and philosopher Blaise Pascal. This device employed a series of the-toothed wheels, each tooth representing a digit from 0 to 9. The wheels were connected so that numbers could be added to each other by advancing the wheels by a correct number of teeth. In the 1670s the German philosopher and mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz improved on this machine by devising one that could also multiply.

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Introduction II

The modern world of high technology could not have come about except for the development of the computer.different types and sizes of computers find uses throughout society in the storage and handling of data,from secret governmental files to banking transations to private household accounts.Computers have opened up a new era in manufacturing through the techinques of automation,and they have enhanced modern communication systems. They are essential tools in almost every field of research and applied technology,from constructing models of the universe to producting tomorrow’s weather reports,and their use has in itself opened up new areas of conjecture.Database services and computer networks make available a great variety of information sources. The same advanced techniques also make possible invasions of personal and bisiness privacy.Computer crime has become one of the many risks that are part of price of modern technology.